Типовые ошибки при оценке инвестиционных проектов.

by Sharky 5/15/2008 8:38:00 PM

Министерствами Российской Федерации (Минпромнауки, Минэкономразвития, Минатом России и др.) проводятся конкурсы высокоэффективных инвестиционных проектов на предоставление государственной поддержки за счет средств Федерального бюджета в форме кредитования, безвозвратного финансирования, государственных гарантий и др.
Опыт экспертизы подобных проектов, накопленный Межведомственным аналитическим центром в течение шести лет, позволяет выделить типовые ошибки допускаемые при их подготовке.

Подобные ошибки можно разделить на три группы:

  • ошибки, связанные с оценкой рыночных рисков реализации проекта;
  • ошибки при выборе методики расчетов по проекту;
  • ошибки, допускаемые при проведении финансово-экономических расчетов.

Ошибки, связанные с оценкой рыночных рисков реализации проекта
В данном блоке наиболее распространенным недостатком является непроработанность маркетинговой стратегии предприятия. Недостаточно полное исследование рынка и конкуренции приводит к тому, что объемы реализации продукции во многих проектах существенно завышаются по сравнению с реально возможными. Часто для обеспечения плановых объемов реализации предприятие должно занять монопольное положение на рынке запланированного продукта (обеспечить рыночную долю в 50-80%). Однако в плане маркетинга не разрабатываются мероприятия по завоеванию и удержанию подобной рыночной позиции. Кроме того, риск 2-3-х кратного сокращения объемов реализации продукции не учитывается при проведении расчетов по проекту: он не закладывается в норму дисконтирования, не проводятся сценарные расчеты, не оценивается чувствительность проекта к изменению исходных данных его реализации и др.

Ошибки, допускаемые при выборе методики проведения расчетов по проекту
Ошибки данной группы допускаются, как правило, в проектах, посвященных реструктуризации или реорганизации предприятия (группы предприятий), а также в проектах организации производства нового продукта в многопродуктовых организациях. Главной ошибкой для таких проектов представляется использование метода чистых оценок эффективности деятельности предприятия вместо приростного или сопоставительного методов .
В таких проектах происходит подмена результата реализации проекта планируемым совокупным результатом деятельности предприятия:

  • в проектах реструктуризации и реорганизации результат реализации проекта (прирост дохода или экономию на затратах в результате внедрения проектных мероприятий) оценить достаточно сложно, поэтому разработчики в составе поступлений по проекту указывают запланированную выручку предприятия, а не реальный экономический эффект;
  • в проектах организации производства нового продукта наиболее распространенной ошибкой является рассмотрение в качестве доходов по проекту не выручки от реализации данного конкретного продукта, а валовой выручки предприятия. При этом в качестве инвестиционных затрат в расчетах учитываются лишь затраты на освоение производства продукта в рамках проекта. Такое несоответствие приводит к завышению показателей эффективности реализации проекта.

Ошибки, допускаемые при проведении финансово-экономических расчетов по проекту.
При проведении финансово-экономических расчетов по проекту ошибки в большей части связаны не с расчетом показателей эффективности, а с определением начальных условий его реализации.

1. Наиболее распространенной ошибкой расчетного характера является неправильное определение состава инвестиционных (единовременных) затрат по проекту. Разработчики проектов отождествляют инвестиционные затраты с капитальными вложениями (капитальным строительством, приобретением технологического оборудования) и, как правило, не включают в их состав прирост потребности в оборотном капитале, затраты, связанные с организацией сбытовой сети, подбором и подготовкой персонала, расходы на проведение НИОКР и другие составляющие, традиционно относимые к инвестициям (хотя финансируемые по перечисленным статьям мероприятия и предусмотрены другими разделами бизнес-плана проекта). Исключение данных статей инвестиционных затрат из расчетов можно объяснить условиями проводимых инвестиционных конкурсов, согласно которым размер государственной поддержки определяется в процентах от капитальных вложений, в связи с чем разработчики не акцентируют внимания на прочих затратах. Однако, инвестиционные затраты, не носящие капитального характера, также требуют финансирования и не учитывая их авторы существенно занижают потребность проекта в источниках финансирования.

2. Ошибки, связанные с оценкой источников финансирования и управлением задолженностью по проекту. К числу ошибок данной группы относятся:

  • превышение инвестиционными затратами суммарного размера привлекаемых источников финансирования проекта (включая реинвестируемую прибыль) - недостаток источников финансирования проекта;
  • несоответствие графика привлечения источников финансирования графику инвестиций, приводящее к возникновению дефицита источников финансирования в некоторые интервалы планирования;
  • невыплата процентов по привлекаемым на платной основе заемным средствам (отсутствие расчетов процентных платежей);
  • погашение привлекаемых заемных источников финансирования не в полном объеме или с нарушением запланированных кредитными соглашениями сроков.

3. Ошибки при расчете амортизационных отчислений по проекту (данные ошибки допускаются в 90% проектов):

  • реализация инвестиционного проекта, как правило, не связана с вводом в действие полностью новых предприятий. Практически каждый проект предполагает использование ранее введенных зданий и сооружений, частично - ранее введенного оборудования. Несмотря на это при разработке инвестиционного проекта в составе затрат не учитывается амортизация ранее введенных основных фондов, что ведет к завышению прибыли, получаемой от реализации проекта;
  • амортизацию вновь приобретаемых (вводимых) основных фондов рассчитывается исходя из цены приобретения, а не исходя из балансовой (первоначальной) стоимости. Данная методическая ошибка приводит к тому, что в первоначальную стоимость основных фондов включается налог на добавленную стоимость, уплаченный при приобретении объекта основных средств, и не включается стоимость доставки, установки и пуско-наладки оборудования.

4. Не в полном объеме определяется налоговая нагрузка проекта. В частности:

  • не производятся расчеты налога на имущество;
  • не учитывается НДС, принимаемый к зачету;
  • не правильно определяется размер льгот по налогу на прибыль при формировании финансовых результатов: в то время как согласно действующему законодательству РФ в качестве льготы по налогу засчитывается сумма прибыли, направленная на погашение кредитов, привлеченных на инвестиционные цели, и выплату процентов по ним, после полного расходования амортизационного фонда на указанные цели, авторы инвестиционных проектов пренебрегают последним обстоятельством и независимо от наличия амортизационного фонда уменьшают налогооблагаемую прибыль на размер погашения кредитов и выплаты процентов по ним.
    Перечисленные недостатки существенно искажают результаты реализации проекта. При проведении экспертизы пересчет проекта с устранением перечисленных ошибок приводит к получению негативных результатов, на основе которых проект, первоначально оцененный как высокоэффективный, может быть признан непривлекательным для вложения средств.

Источник: http://www.afon-invest.ru/

 

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8/14/2010 10:47:07 AM

I personally have embraced the new technologies and the CMS platforms, I think the new tools only make the web designs better. I am glad that new technologies are coming out in web design that make things easier, improved, and better looking for design.

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8/15/2010 10:34:07 AM

Thanks for sharing!

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8/17/2010 6:17:55 PM

This layout is so stellar. How did you manage to make a blog thats as smart as it is sleek? I mean, its like an Aston Martin --smart and sexy at the same time. Ive got to say, the layout alone made me come back to this blog again. But now that Ive read what youve got to say, Ive got to share it with the world!

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8/19/2010 11:21:54 AM

Can I make a suggestion? I think youve got something good here. But what if you added a couple links to a page that backs up what youre saying? Or maybe you could give us something to look at, something that would connect what youre saying to something tangible? Just a suggestion.

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8/22/2010 6:57:19 AM

Appreciate the valuable info!

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8/24/2010 11:58:38 AM

Fantastic blog! I dont think Ive seen all the angles of this subject the way youve pointed them out. Youre a true star, a rock star man. Youve got so much to say and know so much about the subject that I think you should just teach a class about it...HaHa!

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8/27/2010 6:46:22 AM

Aw, this was a really quality post. In theory I'd like to write like this too - taking time and real effort to make a good article... but what can I say... I procrastinate alot and never seem to get something done.

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8/28/2010 6:18:33 AM

You...are...my...hero!!! I cant believe something like this exists on the internet! Its so true, so honest, and more than that you dont sound like an idiot! Finally, someone who knows how to talk about a subject without sounding like a kid who didnt get that bike he wanted for Christmas.

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8/30/2010 5:56:40 AM

What I want to know is why I should care? I mean, not to say that what youve got to say isnt important, but I mean, its so generic. Everyones talking about this man. Give us something more, something that we can get behind so we can feel as passionately about it as you do.

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8/31/2010 4:23:06 PM

Aw, this was a really quality post. In theory I'd like to write like this too - taking time and real effort to make a good article... but what can I say... I procrastinate alot and never seem to get something done.

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9/2/2010 8:45:01 AM

No matter how many times I read it, it never gets old. You definitely hit the nail on the head on this one. This is something people need to know about. Your blog is really incredible and the design is really top notch. Really, youre blog is incredible. Keep going, man. Keep going!

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9/2/2010 9:35:52 AM

Great stuff from you, man. Ive read your stuff before and youre just too awesome. I love what youve got here, love what youre saying and the way you say it. You make it entertaining and you still manage to keep it smart. I cant wait to read more from you. This is really a great blog.

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9/3/2010 1:54:11 PM

For what its worth, the layout is definitely amazing. You know how to balance writing and images/videos. However, I cant get over how little you actually bring to light here. I think that everyones said the same thing that youve said over and over again. Dont you think its time for something more?

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9/5/2010 5:19:35 AM

I just cant stop reading this. Its so cool, so full of information that I just didnt know. Im glad to see that people are actually writing about this issue in such a smart way, showing us all different sides to it. Youre a great blogger. Please keep it up. I cant wait to read whats next.

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9/5/2010 5:49:18 AM

I think youve made some truly interesting points. Not too many people would actually think about this the way you just did. Im really impressed that theres so much about this subject thats been uncovered and you did it so well, with so much class. Good one you, man! Really great stuff here.

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9/5/2010 4:49:31 PM

I loved what youve done here. The design is elegant, your content classy. Yet, youve got an edginess to what youre offering here. Ill definitely come back for more if you keep this up. Dont lose hope if not too many people see your vision, know youve got a fan right here who values what youve got to say and the way youve presented yourself. Good on you!

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9/5/2010 5:54:18 PM

Thanks for the post!

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9/9/2010 5:01:30 PM

Fantastic blog! I dont think Ive seen all the angles of this subject the way youve pointed them out. Youre a true star, a rock star man. Youve got so much to say and know so much about the subject that I think you should just teach a class about it...HaHa!

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